Eating Disorder Research Paper Essay

Media and society are often looked at as a source of daily entertainment, gossip and news. Every day, people are constantly exposed to thousands of images of glamour, beauty, celebrities, and much more. The media is so compelling that it has the power to change what people believe in. The images that are shown repeatedly make a way into teenagers mind and they want to be a part of what the media shows. Teens feel the need to change their body to look a certain way and be like someone else. But a fact unknown to teenagers is that even celebrities’ body are not perfect. The most common eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. People with anorexia have a huge fear of gaining weight and a change in their body shape and size (â€Å"Eating Disorders†). Anorexia has been characterized as a â€Å"rich white girl† disorder because most anorectics are white and about three-quarters of them come from households at the middle income level or above (Davidson and Fundukian). Bulimia on the other hand is when a person eats large amount of food over a short period of time then later performs activities to try to burn the calories off. Binging is the most common symptom of bulimia and it is often done when trying to get rid of the food eaten. Bulimia is thought to affect around 1% to 5% of teenage American girls and up to 3% will be bulimic at some point in their life (Arnold and Walsh 30). Studies show that â€Å"media exposure has a direct impact on disorder symptoms and indirect effects through gender role endorsement, ideal-body stereotype internalization and body satisfaction. † The covers of magazines display pictures of both men and women whose images are offered as near perfection in society. â€Å"Research has shown that even brief exposure to ads showing highly attractive models results in decreased satisfaction with one’s own appearance† (McMurray). Teenagers should know that celebrities are not magically beautiful and thin, they are made to look that way. â€Å"Today’s culture is unique in that the media is a far more powerful presence than ever before† (Derenne and Bersin). The media has been named as a causative factor for body dissatisfaction, which promotes unrealistic standards of female beauty and show images that create and reinforce cultural definitions of attractiveness. (Qtd. in Wexler). The media opens the door of eating disorders to teenagers and brainwashes them into thinking that being thin is important and necessary. The media needs to be very careful in the messages that they give to teenagers regarding body image. Dr. Bond says how â€Å"the media should be more responsible in not publishing pictures of very thin models and celebrities because young people wish to emulate them. Eating disorders are not going away, if anything they are becoming more common (Thinspiration? ). Advertisements everywhere continually expose the notion that losing weight will make people happier. Advertisements that show thin celebrities reach out to individuals telling them what they can be or become if they were thin. By looking at these advertisements, women start to feel insecure about the way they look. The NEDA reports that â€Å"women’s magazines contained 10. 5 times more advertisements and articles promoting diet and weight loss then were found in men’s magazines. It also reports that a study of 4,294 network television commercials revealed that one out of every 3. 8 commercials conveyed some sort of attractiveness message of what is or is not attractive† (Qtd. In Wexler). Many women frequently compare their bodies to those around them and the body images on advertisements lowers their self-esteem. The advertisements of celebrities affects the stereotypical idea of an ideal body which leads to eating disorders (Stice et al 5). Online, there are websites that promote anorexia. Teens with anorexia can then put up pictures of their skinny bodies for other anorectics to see and feel encouraged by. They feature pictures of celebrities such Keira Knightley and Victoria Beckham that promote 400-500 calories a day diet. In a year alone more than 500,000 people visited the sites and a 2011 EU survey found more than one in five six-to 11-year olds had been exposed to one or more sites with these â€Å"harmful content† (Thinspiration? . Teens who are anorexic feel that having an eating disorder is not a bad thing. They look upon each other for support, telling each other secrets of losing weight. The quote â€Å"Nothing tastes as good as skinny feels† by Kate Moss is popular among these pro-anorexia websites (Wardrop). TV shows also send the message to be thin to whoever watches them. Disney Channel, which attracts millions of viewers, especially the young, made fun of eating disorder and actually promoted the idea of being thin. In the show Shake It Up, someone stated â€Å"I could just eat you guys up, you know, if I ate† (â€Å"Party It Up†). In another Disney show, So Random, a conversation goes on where one character tells another â€Å"Angus only eats one full meal a day† to which Angus replies â€Å"My agent’s always on me about looking my best (â€Å"Colbie Caillat†). Disney thinks about eating disorders as a joke which is not dangerous. For many kids, the people on Disney are their role models, and if kids see their role models not eating, they are going to think that it is okay to not eat. Also if Disney encourages the idea of not eating that kids will do the same thing. Demi Lovato who battled an eating disorder attacked Disney about these risky messages that they send to kids. Experts say that Lovato opened the Pandora’s Box about the dangerous effects television shows can have on the negative body image of young women (â€Å"Disney Pop Star†). Even in other TV shows, the overweight characters are most likely portrayed as lazy and the one with no friends, while thin characters are successful and popular. This also sends a message that in order to be successful in life a person has to be thin. Teenagers feel pressured into looking the way society wants them to look like. Everywhere they go, they see posters of celebrities enhanced to look â€Å"perfect. Society thinks that if someone does not look a certain way then it is not acceptable and that they should change how their body looks. From a young age, women are given the message that in order to be happy, they must be thin. Thousands of teenage girl starve themselves to attain what the fashion industry considers to be the â€Å"ideal† figure (Thompson). Society has become obsessive and prejudiced when it comes to body image. Society and media work together to get that one message across to teens today; to be thin. New diets come out every month and media spends money trying to advertise them and get celebrity endorsements. In stores, the front pages of magazines show that one celebrity that everyone looks up too. How they talk about that one diet that â€Å"changed their life† and made them â€Å"happy† again. Teens think that if these celebrities can be skinny, then why can’t they? Teens spend their times looking at websites and magazines that tell them how to be skinny. By constantly portraying â€Å"perfect† bodies in the media, it promotes unhealthy eating that can sometimes lead to death (â€Å"Disney Pop Star†). Even today, dolls like Barbie send that message to young girl to be thin. The Barbie doll is a stereotype of a woman with no flaws and a perfect body who gets to be whatever she wants. Girls who play with Barbie feel the need to look and act like her. The traditional Barbie is known for her 40-18-32 measurements (Young) which would be unproportional on human bodies (Grey). If Barbie were real, she would be 5’9†³ tall and weigh 110 pounds, about 35 pounds below the minimum healthy weight for a woman of that size (McMurray). Barbie helps to perpetuate an ideal of materialism, beauty, and being thin is happiness and since a young age, the desire to be thin is recognized by girls everywhere. But eating disorders doesn’t just affect women, it affects men also. In a study by Harvard researchers, 25% of 3,000 adults had anorexia or bulimia and 40% of binge eaters were men (Boodman). Just like women, men also feel pressured into looking a certain way. In school, boys are told to be healthy if they want to keep playing a sport. But that habit can become something more dangerous. â€Å"Studies show that gay males particularly place a higher calculation on thinness than heterosexual males, with a level of concern for thinness almost equal to that of the typical heterosexual female† (Anderson, Cohn, and Holbrook 41). Because of this many men might be afraid about coming out to the world about their eating disorder. Some people think of an eating disorder as more of a woman thing and â€Å"psychological tests for eating disorders are biased towards diagnosing women† (Anderson, Cohn, and Holbrook 41). Eating disorders are also common in the entertainment business. Celebrities and models are also under pressure to look their best. The average model weighs 23% less than the average woman and fit the category of being anorexic (Thompson). Models go through plastic surgery and photos are air-brushed before going to print. The body type and images are unobtainable to the average individual and the constant force of these images on society makes teens believe that they should be. Many celebrities and models who feel that an eating disorder is something more dangerous than what everyone else seems have come out and talked about that issues. Even celebrities who once had an eating disorder spend time educating others and telling them that it is okay to get help. In 1992 after the news about Princess Diana being bulimic was released, there was a significant increase in the number of bulimia diagnoses. This effect then came known as the â€Å"Diana Effect† (Celebrities Who Battled Eating Disorders). Just like how Lucy Grealy states in her memoir Autobiography of a Face, â€Å"Beauty, as defined by society at large, seemed to be only about who was best at looking like everyone else† (187) it looks like that concept has not changed since that time. In today’s society everything is about being thin and trying to look like a model or a celebrity. Teenagers try to do everything to make themselves how society wants it but in the end they just destroy themselves. Society and media think of an eating disorder as a joke but it is a disease; a disease that has the power to take the lives of both women and men. For anybody out there who thinks that an eating disorder is not a big deal then they are wrong. People, especially the media, should know that the message they send out to teens is wrong; everything is not just about being thin. Simply by the media bringing out the concept that being beautiful and thin is necessary for a successful life is wrong. Having to look like a model to be accepted in society is wrong. All these messages have a huge negative effect on teenagers and they think down of themselves just because they do not think they are â€Å"right† for society. The fake advertisements that are shown is just another step for teens to developing a dangerous and deadly addiction that is called an eating disorder. â€Å"I think we look at society and we look at every ad that out there and everything that tells us how we’re supposed to look, and how we’re supposed to live, and how we’re supposed to be instead of saying ‘Is that how really I feel? ’, ‘Is that really what I want to do? ’, and ‘Is that really how I want to live? ’† (Ellen DeGeneres).

Relationship of relationships Essay

Statistics on suicides show either positive or negative correlations with suicidal tendencies. There are then vulnerabilities but there are also mitigating circumstances or resistance to committing suicidal acts. Age level, ethnicity, gender or sexual orientation and affiliations were found out to somehow relate to occurrence of suicide. The individual’s state of mind and history of mental illness are shown as factors to consider. To properly situate these findings, we therefore define the key elements of a synthesis from the three disciplines used in the study. We came up with the following: 1. There is a sort of an internal progression line and a parallel social time line The relationship between these two line is like lock and key, based on fitness but in a very dynamic setting subject to sudden â€Å"twists and turns† along the way of integration or its opposite alienation. The situation made more complex as social situations are not usually homogenous. Variation in individual progression may not be the same. Alienation then could continue with the social situation for the individual deteorating as well because of its regression into greater alienation. 2. Reason for living There are levels of ideation, fairness for example is simpler than being just and in the same manner looking at life as a skill of how to handle the complex of emotion and reasoning in relation to social information daily being processed and given the vulnerabilities, intervention could be crafted and social vectors who or which will carry it out properly identified, invited and oriented. The purpose is not really educational or mentoring but engagement in real life social situations. Gaining insights in preventing suicides Taking bits of wisdom from different disciplines affords a view of world against a new light and in concerns such as suicide; a fundamental realization of the value of life in contrast to losing the reason for living is of paramount importance. Combining psychology, sociology and religious perspective gave us this opportunity (Table 1). Table 1. Generated insights used in the study from the three disciplines Discipline Insights Psychology The perception of self could be more decisive than the nature of self as determinant of action. Perception is a product of cognition. Suicide is a form of self annihilation. Could be a product of â€Å"dark cognition† Sociology Group setting is integral in developing self. The value system is as fundamental as the relational in group or social networks. Suicide as a syndrome has social context, a form of conflict resolution which is acceptable in some cultures (Masada, Seppuku in Japanese culture). Religion The value of life is above life. The objective of life is purification. Suicide is a sin not on life but a sin of arrogance that life is for us to take. A continuing exploration on life There is that saying that life is always a search for completion and which forms one of the great motivations in human development. In the same vein, this effort is an exploration traversing perhaps what Kolberg’s describe as the higher stages. The integration of the different perspectives may not be perfect as each of the disciplines have their own attributes which could be taken as either strength or weaknesses (Table 2). Table 2. Strengths and weaknesses of the three disciplines used in this study Discipline Strengths Weaknesses Psychology Probes into the nature of self and will on human behavior including dark acts such as suicide. The apparent stand off in the nature and cognition Sociology Relates self and social processes of integration or alienation Unpredictability of human behavior or dynamic shifts. Social senses may not be keen enough and sensitive enough to notice risk situations or situations leading to suicides. Religion Externalization of the value and meaning of life. Morally grounded. Tendency to mystification of mundane and human nature.

Americ A Agricultural Society Into And An Industrial Giant

Through out the the centuries America has envolved from a agricultural society into and an industrial giant. Some of the way it has envolved is culturally ,political and economically.America has envolved from a agricultural society into and an industrial giant culturally by immagrantion.America has envolved from a agricultural society into and an industrial giant political. America has envolved from a agricultural society into and an industrial giant culturally by immagrantion.America has envolved from a agricultural society into and an industrial giant economically by mass production. Between 1880 and 1921, more than 23.5 million immigrants entered the Coalesced States. This period is now kenned as the Incipient Immigrants. Prior waves of immigrants had come primarily from northern and western Europe – England, Ireland, Germany, Scandinavia, etc. But after 1880, increasingly sizably numbers of immigrants orginated from southern and eastern Europe – Italy, Greece, the Balkan countries, Russia, Poland, etc. The majority of these immigrants settled in the cities of the Northeast and Midwest, where they took jobs as inept factory workers and at the same time dramatically changed the ethnic makeup of urban America. These incipient immigrants, many of whom were Catholic or Jewish, were viewed by many native-born Americans as being racially and culturally inferior, and Nativism became an increasingly potent force in American society and politics.I the nineteenth

The Impact of My Favorite Form of Media in Mass...

Mass Communication has an immense impact on many individuals in the world from the television, music to books and the radio and many more media outlets. There are affirmative and adverse impacts that we all receive from the media. As for myself there is many constructive forms of media I indulge in. My most preferred form of media overall is the Food Networks American reality TV show series called Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives. I always had an adoration and aspiration for art and I consider food to be art. This television series has a huge effect on my daily life in a progressive, yet constructive way. I tend to watch it almost every day or whenever I miss it I just record it. It conglomerates my love of sustenance and travel at the†¦show more content†¦I know many people would think my fascination for this food show is out of the norm, or that maybe only obese people fascinate over food. But I am not obese and I find this television show brings out the true artistic skills of the chefs and the sustenance. So it is not like I want to stuff myself or body with high caloric foods all day, but I just delight in watching it because it’s like fine art to me. It arouses all my senses like taste, touch, feel, smell and hear. Not only does it syndicate my love of food but also travel as well. The host Guy Fieri travels from city to city, and state to state sampling exquisite and appealing food. I picture myself doing the similar thing, like basically traveling to places and exploring cultures through foods. I planned on being a traveling career woman after school and the fact that this form of media combines both travel and cooking engaged my mind and eyes. Travel is I am sure many people’s goals in life at one point and the mixture of food and travel can never go erroneous really. That’s what I accept as true that this shows gives off as well, and with that comes culture because food items come from diverse areas of the world, and that†™s where travel come in. As I said earlier people may contemplate my love of food as art and travel as being incongruous, but I undeniably do not think so. This is something I really keepShow MoreRelatedEssay about Mass Media and Popular Culture1491 Words   |  6 PagesMass Media and Popular Culture: Effects on the Population Mass Media and Popular Culture Mass media and popular culture go hand in hand. This paper will discuss the impact of mass media on enculturation, examine the relationships among media, advertising and the formation of normative cultural values, and discuss the impact of the internet on popular culture and the way we communicate today. Real world examples of this impact will be provided to prove our point of view and the overall effectRead MoreMass Media And Its Effect On Children1363 Words   |  6 PagesIn today’s society Mass Media portrays gender roles in a negative way as well as the educational systems for both males and females. Mass media is defined â€Å"as any of the means of communication such as television, newspapers that reach to large amount of people†. (Dictionary.com, 2015). Today’s educational system, mass media reaches out to large amount of people such as the students. In schools, the mass media shows more negativity to gender roles than positivity, for example males would be portrayedRead MoreMagazines And Its Influence On Society947 Words   |  4 PagesMagazines have evolved over time in the mass medium industry. Magazines have also provided various avenues in which people can communicate through articles and advertisements. More importantly, magazines played a key role in America before newspapers came about. However, it wasn’t until the early colonial period in which enlightened thinkers such as: John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and Thomas Paine all conveyed their views on politics. Magazines during this time served as a voice of reasoning to theRead MoreAdvertising agencies today are confronted with the ever-evolving nature of technology and new1000 Words   |  4 Pagessignificant increase in the number of platforms for getting me ssages to target audiences. In my essay I will discuss the challenges that the digitalization of communications has had on advertising agencies and its effects on consumers, the media and brands, with examples of how these companies are overcoming these problems to solve their clients’ brand or business issues. Consumers are now in control of their media consumption and how and when they are exposed to advertising. This trend is not going toRead MoreTypes of Media4351 Words   |  18 PagesTypes of Print Media: Newspapers: Newspapers are the most popular forms of print media. The advertiser in this case can choose from a daily newspaper to a weekly tabloid. Different types of newspaper cater to various audiences and one can select the particular category accordingly. Advertisers then design press advertisements where in the size is decided as per the budget of the client. Magazines: Magazines also offer advertisers an opportunity to incorporate various new techniques and ideasRead MoreThe Negative Influence Of Advertising In Our Life1239 Words   |  5 PagesAdvertising has become so prevalent in our lives today due to mass media. It is every form from print to online through social media and websites, advertising has never had this much importance. From driving in your car to scrolling through your daily feed every person is exposed to advertising in a variety of forms. Since advertising has become so dominant in our daily lives, each advertisement that comes out is critically analyzed by consumers, and many people see advertising as a very negativeRead MoreBronfenbrenner Bioecological Systems Theory: The Impact on a Child’s Development1394 Words   |  6 Pagesan exosystem is the mass media, such as newspapers, radio and social media. The communication industry impacts everyone at any age whether or not you are a child or an adult. This service allows any person to keep up to date with current events. I frequently use mass media by reading newspapers, watch television and use websites such as Facebook to keep up with current affairs, not only socially, but on a global scale as well. The exposure of mass media was influential to my development becauseRead MoreThe Influence of Technology on American Families Essay1023 Words   |  5 Pages When there are more television sets than members of a household under one roof, it is obvious that technology and media has greatly effected the contemporary American family. There are many forces and pressures that help to shape the American family that we all see, as well as, are a part of today. Technology and media has brought us very far as a country, but has also inflicted upon norms of yesterday. Technology is growing now just as fast as ever before and families are constantly changingRead MoreHow Has Social Media Affected Teens?1748 Words   |  7 PagesSocial Media Marketing How has social media affected teens? The topic I chose for my research paper focuses on Social Media Marketing. Social Media is the biggest form of communication now a days. It hasn’t only changed the way people interact with each other, but also the way companies communicate. â€Å"What are companies doing to teenagers through technology?† Additionally, technology has become part of our everyday life and how we do things. Not only has social media made things easier forRead MoreThe evolution of media has transformed the way we interpret the world around us. It gives us a new2100 Words   |  9 Pages The evolution of media has transformed the way we interpret the world around us. It gives us a new perspective by allowing us to interact with one another through the Internet. Media has become much more personal and diverse as user-generated content becomes more prominent in our lives. We are exposed to assorted types of viewpoints that shape our understanding and knowledge of the social world. Moreover, c hange in technology has brought advancement to transportation methods, which makes it very

Ethnic Diversity And Cultural Factors - 1751 Words

Ethnic Diversity and Cultural Factors Due to its violent history, Cambodia has a unique blend of ethnicities. The majority of the population is Khmer, with minorities such as Vietnamese, Cham, and Chinese, with Vietnamese being the largest. Many Khmer from south Vietnam, called Khmer Kraom, which includes young men who come as Buddhist monks. The Cham, who are predominantly Muslim, usually live in riverfront communities, and live off of fishing, small businesses, and livestock. The Chinese population generally have a better relation with the other cultures in Cambodia, with much more intermarriage between them and Khmer and Vietnamese. Other culture in Cambodia have historically clashed, with the Cham and Khmer having religious†¦show more content†¦However, CEDAW has failed to protect women, due to Cambodia’s weak legal system. As a result, most women remain unprotected and vulnerable (Galabru, 2004). Domestic violence is one of the greatest forms of violence against women in Cambodia. 17% of married women, ages 15-49, have reported their husbands physically and sexually abusing them. Even more shocking, one fourth of these women do not think they are abused, revealing Cambodian women’s lack of knowledge of basic human rights. Research shows that lack of education and alcohol increase women’s risk of be abused. Also, women who came of age during the Khmer Rouge period are subject to significantly higher rates of domestic abuse, relieving how violence in society affects violence at home. Cambodia’s traditional culture does not help women who are victims of domestic abuse. Violence and rape are considered an issue between the husband and wife that does not concern law officials. Children are also victims of abuse, due to traditional Asian households. Extended families tend to live together, so children can be abused not just by their parent, but also by an uncle , cousin, or grandparent. Because of this, civil rights organizations in Cambodia pressure the NA to widen the definition of â€Å"victims† to include others just as relatives, not just wives (Galabru, 2004). Rape is also prevalent in Cambodia, yet like most crimes, it is under reported. Child

Essay About Teenage Pregnancy free essay sample

The matter of distributing condoms in school has been a controversial issue over the years because the majority of society believes that condoms will promote sexual behavior in schools. Nevertheless more and more students are becoming sexually active without thinking of the consequences and understanding the precautions that should be taken when doing so. Condoms should be distributed in schools because of the growing number of teenage pregnancy, to minimize the spread of sexually transmitted diseases among adolescent and it is a good investment for the government to help control students irresponsible sexual behavior. Everyday thousands of sexually active teenagers are putting themselves at risk of getting pregnant, and as such there is an alarming rate of teenage pregnancies in schools which can have a negative impact on most teenagers’ life. According to the article â€Å"How Many Teen Girls get Pregnant every year? , it reveals that every year, about 16 million girls aged 15-19 years old give birth. In addition, in a prominent high school in Jamaica, the school nurse reported that the percentages of teenage pregnancy increase from 20% in 2011 to 40% since the start of the year. The school nurse further stated that these teenaged girls failed to use a condom and that if condoms were distributed at the school it would have decrease the risk of these teenaged girls getting pregnant. On the other hand, whenever these girls get pregnant in schools, some of them are unable to finish school. Teenage moms will have to provide for themselves and their child and are often times left alone to take care of the child and as a result, they lose focus of their dreams and will now have to focus on raising a child at an early age. According to Reynolds (2011), in 2011 only one third of teenage mothers graduated from high school and less than 2 % further their education. Consequently too many of our young teenagers are dropping out of school and so distributing condoms in school would prevent this from occurring. Nevertheless, there is a high rate of sexually transmitted infection spreading among teenagers who engage in unprotected sex. The World Health Organization (WHO) states that forty percent (40%) of all new â€Å"HIV† infection in 2009 was among youths between the ages of 15-19. Therefore, this is an ongoing concern because students who engaged in unprotected sex are at a greater risk of contracting these infections. As a result, the distribution of condoms in schools and use will help to reduce the spread of sexually transmitted diseases among students. Furthermore, in the article â€Å"Special populations- Center of Disease Control and Prevention† a survey conducted in 2011 reported to the Center of Disease Control and Prevention that in the United States 95% of the student population ages 14-19 was tested positively for chlamydia which indicates that there is rapid spread of sexual transmitted diseases among adolescent. The primary reason for this is that these students had more than one sexual partner in the previous year and did not consistently use a condom. Therefore, adolescents are at a higher risk for contracting sexually transmitted infection (STI) every day and condoms being distributed to teenagers are an effective means of combating these infectious diseases. In addition the distribution of condoms in schools is also a good investment of government funds to reduce student’s irresponsible sexual behavior, because a fortune is spent by world governments each year addressing the public health problems created by risky sexual behavior as stated by Ramkissoon (2011). The cost of raising the many children through unintended pregnancies over a lifetime will reduce to a lower cost if condoms are distributed in schools. Furthermore, the cost of treating a student who is a patient with infectious sexually transmitted diseases can be enormous. Some critics might argue that condoms should not be distributed in schools. According to the article â€Å"Should Condoms be distributed freely in High Schools? † states that providing students with condoms encourages early sexual activity. In addition, schools are not the place for condom machines, just as schools are not the place for cigarette machines or alcohol bars and according to Bridgetown (2011) students should be focusing on their education and their future instead of sexual activities. The fact that condoms are used for protection it should be distributed in schools to benefit the health of students who are already sexually active to control their recklessness. Anderson (2008) state that despite the abstinence programs some teenagers will still indulge in sexual activity at an early age. Condoms are used as an effective means for protection against unwanted pregnancies and sexual disease unlike alcohol and cigarettes, they endangers the health of students. It is expected that teenagers are going to have sex but isn’t it important for measures to be implemented to protect students from contracting disease and getting pregnant? With the current and growing problem of teenage pregnancy as well as the spreading epidemics of sexually ransmitted disease is a significant issue in which should be address as soon possible. How long should teenage pregnancy and sexual transmitted diseases continue to flourish among our students each year? If society continues to ignore the issue of distributing condoms in school then teenage pregnancies and sexual transmitted diseases will continue to be on the rise. Therefore, in order to prevent the risk of teenage pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases condoms should be distributed in schools

International Human Ressources the Repatriation Process Essay Example

International Human Ressources: the Repatriation Process Essay Many expatriate employees encounter problems that limit their contribution to the company when they return home. How can we explain these problems and how may a firm reduce the occurrence of such problems? A largely overlooked but critically important issue in the training and development of expatriate is to prepare them for re-entry into their own home country organization. Repatriation is defining as the activity of bringing the expatriate back to the home country. When return at home, expatriates face an organization that doesn’t know what they have done for the last few years, doesn’t know how to use their new knowledge, and doesn’t particularly care. This ‘re-entry shock’ often occurs as people are less prepared for their return home to present problems of adjustment. There are many job-related and social factors which may cause re-entry problems for the repatriate. The prime job-related factors identify is career anxiety due to no post-assignment guarantee of employment. Many firms were not able to offer jobs upon repatriation. Moreover, loss of visibility and isolation is a variable that cause problems for repatriates. For instance, a lack of information or the lack of contact with the home organization may increase the level of anxiety. Changes in the home workplace like merger or acquisition are usually accompanied by job shedding and can affect also the reintegration of the expatriate. Career anxiety is one moderating factor, but others may also lead to work adjustment problems. We will write a custom essay sample on International Human Ressources: the Repatriation Process specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on International Human Ressources: the Repatriation Process specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on International Human Ressources: the Repatriation Process specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The problem is that an international assignment is a condition for career progression for employees, but often there is no position for the repatriate and the re-entry position may be a less challenging job with reduced responsibility and status. This position gives the impression that experiences and skills the employee has acquired during the international assignment are devalued. The third factor is to coping with new role demands. Often, the home country no considers the time passed in the foreign location and the significant changes in expatriate behavior. Then, repatriate has a negative perception of the help and support provided by employers during and after repatriation. The last factor is the lost of status and pay. For instance, in the foreign operation the expatriate was the key decision maker and when he re-entry is treated as another company executive. There are also many social factors that caused re-entry problems. The first factor is the family adjustment. For instance each family member is experiencing their own readjustment problem; the family has also to adapt its lifestyle with its new income. Re-establishing social networks can also be difficult. For example, children can find re-entry difficult particularly if their past friends are in different levels at school to themselves, moved on to another location or made new friends. The repatriation can also have an effect in partner’s career. To reduce the occurrence of problems that encounter expatriates and to maximize the benefits of international assignments, many firms design a repatriation program. A repatriation program can start up to six months prior to the return of the expatriate and up to six months after the expatriate returns home. This program can cover a number of topics like re-entry position and career path assistance, reverse culture shock, establishing networking opportunities, help in forming new social contacts, financial and tax assistance, etc. Some multinational enterprises assign the expatriate a mentor who is usually in a more senior position than the expatriate and knows the expatriate personally. The mentor has to maintaining contact with the expatriate throughout the assignment, maintaining ensuring expatriates are kept up to date with developments in the home country, ensuring expatriates are retained in existing management development programs and assisting expatriates with the repatriation process and position. Others avenues are explored, such a proactive repatriation strategies that consists to invite repatriates to assist in developing repatriations programs like managing expectations, career planning or reorientation programs for example. Repatriates have then a sense that they are not an under-utilized resource and that the firm recognizes they can make a valuable contribution to the expatriation process.